Over the years I’ve become aware of my weaknesses and bad habits as a writer. I overuse certain words (we all have our favorites), prefer certain kinds of clues (character flaws versus ink stains), and reveal the villain in the same way (a great uncloaking as opposed to the reader’s gradual realization). These are the result of lazy writing and can be fixed when I kick myself in the back side, slap my forehead, and exclaim, What was I thinking? Or, as my old boss used to say, What? Was I thinking? Surely not.

But the flaw I’ve been thinking about a lot more recently is a quirk that I’ve mostly mastered. When I’m going along with the story the various steps in the plot falling in place on the path, invariably something comes up. I need a character to swerve his car in front of the detective’s car just to slow her down for a few minutes. Or I need someone to claim to be a witness and come up with erroneous, misleading information. Or I need a hitherto unknown relative to show up and complicate the simple death as undeniably a murder for gain. For any one of these situations, I obviously need a new character. 

And then I need to introduce a seemingly irrelevant piece of information no one knew about. I need another character for this. And then my main character digs up even more information and needs to double check this, so, of course, another character pops up. And someone attacks her, so, yes, another villain. No matter where I am in the story, I seem to need another character to deliver a message, a detail, an obstacle, a hindrance—something more. I call up my infinite reserve of minor characters, who seem to trot along with me in every novel looking for an opportunity to take all the attention even if it’s only one scene in the entire book. You can see the problem.

After my second novel I knew I had to face this habit of leaning on additional minor characters to get me through the first draft. Once I decided to tackle the problem, I used the appearance of an otherwise unnecessary minor character as an opportunity to better present and position the other, more important and usually recurring characters. These instances of digressions facilitated by new characters told me where I needed to deepen the figures I’d begun with, stretch what I knew about them and complicate their established reputations. Sometimes I needed to collapse several instances and the minor characters created for them into one or two side figures. This is where I could apply the rule: if a character has no other purpose than to deliver a minor detail, give the job to someone else. And whatever you do, don’t give the minor a name. 

I hesitate to state a rule that a traditional mystery or a cozy should have no more than x number of characters, but I know when a novel has too many peripheral figures. Every great story can be told with a limited number of characters because the story is how they interact and reveal themselves, and too many characters will detract from that. I recently read Klara and the Sun by Kazuo Ishiguro, which impressed me with the small number of main characters and the equally small number of secondary characters, but each one played a significant role that could not have been reduced or eliminated. It was a brilliant lesson in concision, among other things. Another example is Clea Simon’s The Butterfly Trap, which focuses on two main characters buffeted by their ambitions, which are supported and encouraged by the friends in their lives.

It can be hard to eliminate a minor character brought into the story for one purpose. They arrive fresh on the scene, give the writer the opportunity to do something new and discover a new personality, but in the larger scheme of the novel, they may well be irrelevant. Anyone in the story so far can do the same job. As hard as it is, I have to let the superfluous figure retire and stay focused on the main characters and their story. How many are too many? If I find myself asking that question of the book I’m working on, thinking I may be veering into an overpopulated world, then the answer is, the number I have now is too many. Combine, eliminate, reduce. And give the richest minor characters a larger place in another book.